Spinal Cord/Brain/Nervous System Facts

The four spinal nerve plexi and one nerve from each plexus are:

Cervical -	Phrenic nerve
Brachial -	Radial nerve
Lumbar -	Femoral nerve
Sacral -	Sciatic nerve

The lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by the right and left interventricular foramina while the third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aquaduct
The central sulcus divides the frontal/parietal lobes.
The longitudinal fissure divides left/right hemispheres of the cerebrum.
The parietiocciptal sulcus divides parietal/occipital lobes.
The lateral fissure divides the parietal/temporal lobes.
The transverse fissure divides parietal/occipital lobes.

Many spinal tracts undergo decussation to communicate across the mid-sagittal plane.

Rostral means towards the nose.

Spinal nerves are considered mixed nerves because they consist of bundles of axons carrying sensory information as well as bundles of axons carrying motor information.

The gray matter of the spinal cord is located in the deep layers of the spinal cord and deep to the white matter.

The medulla oblongata is the portion of the brainstem most involved in control of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate.

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) is produced in areas known as choroid plexi.

Blood Vessel Facts

The three major branches from the aortic arch are the right brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery.

The medial cubital vein is a connection of the radial, ulnar, basilic and brachial veins, is found on the anterior portion of the elbow and is a common site for blood draws.

The renal artery supplies the kidneys with blood while the hepatic artery supplies the liver with blood.

The hole in the diagram that major blood vessels pass through is the aortic hiatus.

The longest blood vessel in the body is the great saphenous vien.

The portion of the descending aorta which is superior to the diaphragm is the thoracic aorta.

'The American' Trailer

I don't have much time now, but this could be good.

Small Car Crash Tests

From abcnews.com-

I know you're right Mom, large cars are safer. But as a college student it almost seems necessary to have a small car because of the cramped parking lots and busy traffic all around campus. So which is it? The "small" or "big" car?

I have driven a small car and larger car extensively and both definitely have their upsides. I love my smaller car for around town and going to school, being able to pull into a parking spot and not worry about the close calls. It is more get up and go and easier to stop and go at stoplights. But when it comes to highway driving and long trips the larger car is essential. I have made long trips in both cars and nothing can compare to the comfort and ease at putting on the cruise control and rolling down the road. The 4 cylinder versus V6 makes a big difference to me too. Also the speaker system seems to be better in large cars and I don't feel intimidated by other cars on the road.

So I guess the biggest thing I would look for in a car would be a car that's small but not too small, big engine but cheap (yeah right), nice speaker system, and when I turn it on - it has to return the favor.

WB & MGM Pushing Peter Jackson to Direct 'The Hobbit'

Over at firstshowing.net they say that Warner Bros and MGM, the studios behind 'The Hobbit' are "doing all they can" to get Peter Jackson to direct the now directorless film.

"...Jackson said that he wasn't opposed to the idea a few weeks ago, but wasn't really that interested either, only if they they can't find anyone else and if his other production agreements allows him to fit it in. Well, once you hear some of these alternative candidates, you might crying out for Jackson to direct this highly anticipated adaptation as well.

Fleming says that "nobody has been offered the helming job" yet, but they want Jackson to "complete the franchise he started with three LOTR films." He helped co-write the scripts for The Hobbit and is producing, so it would obviously be an easy fit. "Warner Bros and MGM braintrust will keep pursuing him until Jackson gives a definitive no." As for some other potential candidates? Fleming says David Dobkin (of Shanghai Knights, Wedding Crashers, Fred Claus), which is just plain idiotic; David Yates (of the last four Harry Potter movies: Order of the Phoenix, Half-Blood Prince, and Deathly Hallows Part I & II) which SlashFilm reported; and finally, the infamous Brett Ratner (of Rush Hour 1-3, Red Dragon, X-Men: The Last Stand)."

I was getting used to the idea of del Toro directing, and sense PJ had approved of him and they were so alike I was even liking the idea. But now I just don't know what's going to happen. Please please please just make a good movie, whoever the director will be.

'Toy Story 3' Review

Owen Gleiberman over at EW.com has released his review of 'Toy Story 3'.

I have to say that reading it gave me hope that there may still be good movies to be made. Although it's a sequel it still brings original ideas and pulls the audience in. I am planning to see this promptly; especially after reading this review.

"You won't be alone if you go to see Toy Story 3 with ginormous expectations. After 15 years, the original Toy Story remains — to me — the most ticklish, delightful, and transporting of all Pixar films; its menagerie of innocently devoted, jabbering bedroom toys has become as beloved a part of the American pop culture family as the Simpsons or the Seven Dwarfs. Walking into this second sequel, I knew what I wanted: to be carried away, yet again, by the antic charm of Woody the noble, common-sense cowboy (voiced by Tom Hanks with his trademark acerbic snap), the irresistibly self-adoring action figure Buzz Lightyear (Tim Allen), the cranky Mr. Potato Head (Don Rickles), the mouse-that-roared dinosaur Rex (Wallace Shawn), the squeaky-cool alien LGMs, and the rest of the gang. I yearned to be dazzled and touched by the speed and repartee, and by action scenes that have a kiddie Indiana Jones ingenuity. I wasn't disappointed. Yet even with the bar raised high, Toy Story 3 enchanted and moved me so deeply I was flabbergasted that a digitally animated comedy about plastic playthings could have this effect."
To read more of the review head over to EW.com

'Toy Story 3' comes out Friday, June 18th with a running time of 103 minutes.

Blood Vessels

Arteries - blood away from heart
Capillaries - exchange vessels
Viens - blood to the heart

The vessel wall
Tunica interna
    Simple squamous epithelium or endothelium
    Loose connective tissue
Tunica media - muscle layer
    Smooth muscle and collagen fibers, some elastic fibers in arteries
    Provides vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Tunica externa - gives the vessel it's round shape
    Loose connective tissues that anchors vessel in placeArteries
Resistance vessels - maintain shape when empty or cut
Conducting or elastic arteries - large
    Tunica media has many elastic fibers
Distributing or muscular arteries
    Distribute blood to specific organ
    Mostly smooth muscle
    Usually have individual names
Resistance vessels
    Smallest are called arterioles
    Some end in metarterioles or precapillary sphincters (gate)

Arterial Sense Organs
Monitor blood pressure and blood chemistry and transmit to the brainstem to regulate heartrate, vasomotion, and respiration.

Carotid sinuses - baroreceptors in carotid artery and innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve to help adjust heartrate and blood pressure (monitors bp)

Carotid bodies - chemoreceptors in carotid artery that monitor carbon dioxide, oxygen and pH levels of blood, send signal via vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves to adjust respiration and kidney function

Aortic bodies - same as chemoreceptors in carotid bodies, but located in the aortic arch

Capillaries
Exchange vessels
Consist of only tunica interna
In every tissue except: tendons, ligaments, cartilage, epithelia, and the cornea and lens of the eye

Types of capillaries: (based on cellular junctions and permeability)
    Continuous capillaries - BBB (Blood Brain Barrier), stomach lining
    Fenestrated capillaries - most common, skeletal muscles
    Sinusoids - more holes than cells, in hypothalamus and liver

Capillary beds
    Thoroughfare channels - capillaries to arterioles

Tendons and ligaments are avascular so there is little blood supply to give nutrients and allow them to heal. This is why it takes less time for bones to mend than sprains or strains.

Also, the crazy German scientist who created Body Worlds that travels around the globe used a process called Plastination to keep the bodies the way they are. This works at an intercellular level allowing only blood vessels or muscles for example to be kept in place while all the other bodily tissues go away.Veins
Capacitance vessels - large capacity
Postcapillary venules - mostly tunica interna, somewhat permeable
Muscular veins - 1 to 2 layers of tunica media
Medium veins - have individual names and all tissue layers
    Venous layers - many femoral valves (to prevent varicose veins)
Venous sinuses - normal varicose veins where blood is SUPPOSED to pool
Large veins
    Mostly tunica externa

60% of our blood is in our veins @ all times because it is more difficult and takes longer for the blood to go against gravity back up to the heart from our limps.

Circulatory Routes
Typical route:
heart - arteries - capillaries - veins - heart

Exceptions to the typical route:
Portal systems
Anastomosis
    Arteriovenule anastomosis - arteriole to venule
    Arterial anastomosis - two arteries to one capillary bed
    Venous anastomosis - more than one vein draining capillary beds

Crash Cab

I found this while searching for heart images? Don't ask me how. Anyway, I watch cash cab often and I found this really funny and thought I'd share -

CRASH CAB

INT. TAXI CAB - NIGHT

BYRIN opens the door to a cab and gets inside. The driver
sitting with his head leaned up against the window, jumps
when BYRIN gets in the cab.

BEN
Uhh, where to, buddy?

GRIG
33rd and Lex, please.

BEN
You got it.

BEN begins to drive off. As he does, the roof of the cab
lights up, flashing and music plays. The driver is just as
surprised as the passenger.

BEN (CONT'D)
Oh yeah!
(Smacks forehead.)
You're in the Cash Cab. It's a TV
game show played right here in my
taxi.
(Hic.)
I'm your host, Ben Bailey, and I'll
ask you general knowledge questions
until we reach your destination.
Whaddya say, You In?

GRIG
Cool! Yeah, definitely!

BEN
Alright! For your first question,
and $50, uh...

BEN pauses and looks around the cab.

BEN (CONT'D)
What have I been drinking?

GRIG
Drinking? ... Only water, I hope.

BEN
Sorry - wrong answer!

A red 'x' flashes across the screen.

BEN (CONT'D)
And your first strike. Two more of
those and you'll have to get out
and walk!

BEN turns around to face GRIG.

BEN (CONT'D)
The correct answer, of course, is
Ben's Bailey's.
(Chuckles.)

The cab swerves off the road and a scream is heard as a
pedestrian thuds across the hood and windshield of the car.

GRIG
Oh, Jesus Christ! Oh, oh my god!

BEN
Uh oh.

GRIG
Oh my god, dude, you just hit that
woman! Pull over, we have to help
her!

BEN
Oh jeez. Okay, well ... listen.

GRIG
What!?

BEN
If I get another DUI, I'll lose my
license. I'll lose my job. Please,
you gotta help me. I'll give you
$2000 if you can keep this to
yourself...
And answer the following question:
In what century was the Brooklyn
Bridge built?

GRIG
(Still frantic and angry.)
I don't know. The 1800's?

The lights flash and music plays.

BEN
Correct! You win $2000 and we've
reached your destination!

GRIG starts laughing, clapping his hands, and bouncing around
the car!

GRIG
$2000! Oh my god, I can't believe I
won!

CUT TO:

GRIG getting out of the cab and jumping up and down on the
streets with a fistful of cash.

FADE TO BLACK.

More funnies can be found over at laughterhouse.org

The Heart!

Some information regarding The Heart (doo doo doooooo!):

There should always be 5-6 liters of blood in the human body

Gross anatomy
The heart wall consists of 3 different tissues:
Epicardium - the surface of the heart
Myocardium - contractile muscles of the heart
    Cardiocytes
Endocardium - internal lining, simple squamous epithelium

Heart valves
Ensure one-way flow of blood
Consist of 2 or 3 cusps

Tricuspid valve - between right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid (Mitral) valve - between left atrium and left ventricle
    Chordae tendineae - 'cords of tendon'
    Papillary muscles - stabilize heart valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve - between systemic circuit and right atrium
Aortic semilunar valve - between left ventricle and aorta
Cardiac Conduction System
75 bpm on average in a resting adult
Myogenic - muscle cell, generates electricity
Autorhythmic - creates electricity while ignoring brain

Conduction system consists of modified cardiocytes

Sinoatrial (SA) node - group of myogenic cells
Atrioventricular (AV) node
AV bundles
    Left and right bundle branches
    Moderator band of R. ventricle
Purkinje fibers - fingerlike projections into ventricles

Cardiac muscle
Striated, but short, thick and branched
Fibers contain only one centrally placed nucleus
Cardiocytes are joined end to end by intercalated discs - allows cells to communicate

I liked this picture lol

Snickerdoodles (Gluten-Free)

Found this over at celiac.com

Snickerdoodles (Gluten-Free)

If you've been craving these old favorites and thought you may never have them again ... your wait is over! These cookies will fool any gluten eater and satisfy every craving. Caution: they're addictive!

Ingredients:

* 1 ½ cups granulated cane sugar
* 1 cup shortening, butter or other non-dairy alternative (e.g Earth Balance® Buttery Sticks/Shortening Sticks)
* 2 large eggs
* 2 ¾ cup Jules Gluten Free All Purpose Flour
* 1 tsp. baking soda
* 2 tsp. cream of tartar
* ¼ tsp. salt

Topping:

* 2 Tbs. granulated cane sugar
* 2 tsp. cinnamon

Directions:

Cream shortening and sugar until fluffy. Add eggs and beat until combined.

Snickerdoodles (Gluten-Free)In a separate bowl, whisk dry ingredients together: Jules Gluten Free All Purpose Flour; baking soda, cream of tartar and salt. Add to wet ingredient bowl and mix until thoroughly incorporated.

Cover tightly and refrigerate until cold, at least 2 hours.

Preheat oven to 400 F (static) or 375 F (convection).

Shape dough into 1-inch balls by rolling in the palms of your hands. Roll each ball in the sugar and cinnamon mixture. Place on a parchment-lined baking sheet and bake for 8-9 minutes, or until lightly browning and puffed. Remove to cool on a wire rack; the cookies will sink slightly in the middle when cooled – this is normal.

Yield: approximately 3 dozen cookies.

Blood Flow Through the Heart

Blood goes in this order starting with the systemic circuit:

1. Systemic circuit 2. Vena cava (superior and inferior) 3. Right atrium 4. Tricuspid valve 5. Right ventricle 6. Pulmonary semilunar valve 7. Pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated) 8. Pulmonary circuit (lungs)	9. Pulmonary veins (oxygenated) 10. Left atrium 11. Bicuspid (Mitral) valve 12. Left ventricle 13. Aortic semilunar valve 14. Aorta 15. Systemic circuit again

Quotes en stuff.

Found some quotes from people I am following on twitter:

"Stop worrying about what might hold you down, and pay attention to why you're standing up."

"I'm so tired of fighting for all the people that i care about. so if you want me in your life, you'll find a way to put me there."

"Really loving someone means their happiness is the most important thing to you, even if you're not a part of it."

"The real trouble with my sarcasm, is that half the time when people think I'm being sarcastic, I'm actually being quite sincere"

"There are two types of people; those who come into a room and say "here i am!" and those who come in and say "ah, there you are."

Be Bold.

I was reading some "Success Strategies" and such after class today and I came upon this quote:

"Don't be afraid to be considered pushy or a know-it-all in class. If you're unclear about something, speak up. If you know the answer to a question, speak up. If you don't, you're only selling yourself short. The meek may inherit the earth, but the bold dominate it now."

I guess that makes sense. I just liked the bolded quote.

Maintaining a good diet and exercising regularly might seem routine, but they are often the first things to slide when you are emotionally drained. You have to take care of yourself before you can effectively take care of others, so don't let the comforts of a regular routine slip away from you.

New Blogger Template Designer

Gosh dang it people I just figured out a good new layout and blogger decides to completely change the coding! Ba humbug.

New 'Bourne' Movie Planned

So Matt Damon has said he is done with the Bourne franchise, as has the director Paul Greengrass. But apparently the studio wants to make more money. What a surprise.

Call it the Bourne Determination. Despite the participation of star Matt Damon and two-time franchise director Paul Greengrass being in doubt, Universal is pushing forward with plans for a fourth "Bourne" movie, tentatively called "The Bourne Legacy." And word is that, in contrast to earlier rumors that the new flick would be a reboot or a prequel, "Legacy" will be a straight sequel.

Will Julia Stiles return to the franchise?

According to reports from Variety and Deadline.com, Universal has hired Tony Gilroy to write the script. Gilroy wrote the first three movies and has also been tapped to write a franchise bible, lending credence to the idea that the fourth film is only the beginning of Universal's big-screen plans for the "Bourne" universe. "Legacy" — which will not be based on "The Bourne Legacy," an Eric Lustabader-penned novel in the Robert Ludlum series — is looking at a 2012 release date.

The news that the forthcoming "Bourne" film will be a sequel comes as something of a surprise. Earlier this year, Damon said the next installment would likely be a prequel. But whether or not Damon and Greengrass will take part in the fourth film is an open question. Back in February, Damon said he wouldn't reprise the role without Greengrass, who bowed out of his directing duties last fall. Yet both men left the door open to returning to the franchise down the line.

"We see a very clear way that they could go [with the story] that wouldn't interfere with the series that we have and that might give it a chance to have a life right now and if we come back and did another one, even after that without us," .

That "very clear way" seemingly involved rebooting the franchise with another actor taking Bourne's identity, or name given to a uniquely positioned government operative. Such a storytelling technique would easily allow Damon and Greengrass to reenter the fold in the future.

But with Gilroy back in charge of storytelling duties, there's always the chance that Damon and Greengrass can be enticed to return. As the director himself , he maintains a good relationship with the studio and he plans to work with Damon again.

"I'm going to continue to make movies for Universal," Greengrass told us in March. "I'm going to continue to make movies with Matt hopefully. They'll undoubtedly continue to make 'Bourne' movies. So it's all good news."

This info is over at MTV.com

Cranial Nerves

. # Name Class Foramen Function . NI Olfactory Sensory Olfactory foramen Sensory information for smell . NII Optic Sensory Optic canal Sensory information for sight . NIII Oculomotor Motor Superior orbital fissure Controls 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles . NIV Trochlear Motor Superior orbital fissure Controls superior oblique muscle of eye . NV Trigeminal Mixed Superior orbital fissure Sensory and motor for head and face . Sphenoid bone . Foramen ovale . NVI Adbucens Motor Superior orbital fissure Controls lateral rectus muscle of eye . NVII Facial Mixed Stylomastoid foramen Sensory for anterior tongue/motor to face . NVIII Vestibulocochlear Sensory Auditory meatus Vestibular branch for equilibrium . Cochlear branch for sense of hearing . NIX Glossopharyngeal Mixed Jugular foramen Sensory for taste of posterior tongue/pharynx/motor control of throat . NX Vagus Mixed Jugular foramen Sensory and motor to most major of organs . NXI Accessory Motor Jugular foramen Controls muscles of head and neck . NXII Hypoglossal Motor Hypoglossal canal Motor control of tongue

'The Adjustment Bureau' Trailer

This could be hit or miss, but it has Matt Damon in it. Emily Blunt can be a good actress, so I'm optimistic. It's up to the writers with this one I think.

Stars!

I have finally found copy-pastable stars for movie reviews and such!
Thank you Thoughts of a madman!
★ ★ ★ ★

Brain Dominance

Okay so for anatomy our assignment is to take some online tests and find out which side of the brain we use the most, print it out and write some about it. That's not a big deal, it was kind of fun. I found out I am pretty right side dominant so I read up some more on it. Come to find out that people who have right side dominant brains have deep feelings, learn by using their hands and are good with people. This is some information from About.com specifically for students.

Characteristics of Right-Brain Students

* You take notes but lose them. You may have a hard time keeping track of your research
* You might have a hard time making up your mind
* You are good with people
* You don't fall for practical jokes as easily as some
* You seem dreamy, but you're really deep in thought
* People may have told you you're psychic
* You like to write fiction, draw, or play music
* You might be athletic
* You like mystery stories
* You take time to ponder and you think there are two sides to every story
* You may lose track of time
* You are spontaneous
* You’re fun and witty
* You may find it hard to follow verbal directions
* You are unpredictable
* You get lost
* You are emotional
* You don't like reading directions
* You may listen to music while studying
* You read lying down
* You may be interested in “the unexplained”
* You are philosophical

Your Classes

* In history class, you enjoy the social aspects most. You like to explore the effects of things that happened in history. You like the essays, too.
* You can do well in math class if you apply yourself, but you get bored doing long problems.
* Science? Boring.
* You do well in English class, especially when it comes to reading literature and writing essays about books. You also do well in creative writing assignments.

Advice for Right Brain Students

* Choose to do personal essays
* Watch your daydreaming—keep it under control
* Let your imagination work for you in the arts
* Let your intuition work for you in social situations
* Let your deep thinking work for you during essay tests—but don’t ponder too long
* Be creative with essays. You can use colorful language well
* Use images and charts when you study
* Write down directions
* Try to be more organized!
* Don’t be overly suspicious of others
* Make outlines to organize your thoughts.
* Choose fiction in reading assignments
* Try to avoid teachers who lecture a lot; choose teachers who use activities
* You tell stories well, so write some!
* Put information into categories for better understanding
* Avoid getting bogged down by thinking of all possibilities when answering questions
* Finish things! You have so much talent, but you don’t always complete things.

You have great instincts and survival skills. If you study hard, you might be a finalist on Survivor one day!

Characteristics of Left Brain Students

* You probably work with a To-Do list
* You like to be the critic in class
* You're good at math or science
* You are rational and logical
* Your research is precise and well-documented
* You set goals for yourself
* You can interpret information well
* Your room is orderly
* You can answer questions spontaneously
* You follow directions and you do read directions (unlike some people)
* You aren't touchy-feely
* You can listen to a long lecture without losing patience
* You don’t let feelings get in your way
* You like action movies
* You read sitting up
* Your words are precise

Your Classes

* In history class, you are able to remember dates and processes.
* In math class, you enjoy going through a long calculation.
* You like the order of science.
* In English class, you have a good understanding of grammar and sentence structure.

Advice for Left Brain Students

* Study in a quiet room
* You can do math but get impatient trying to explain it to someone who struggles—so don’t volunteer to be a tutor unless you know you have the patience
* You like to lead in a study group, so go ahead and volunteer
* Join a debate team or academic competition
* Try to excel at the science fair. You can be a winner
* Take advantage of your skills in math and science
* Choose non-fiction reading
* You prefer factual questions and assignments, as opposed to open-ended questions
* You can organize your notes well, so you should
* Keep your room organized
* Don’t argue with the teacher too much
* Choose to do analytical essays
* Work alone when you have a choice. You get frustrated with others who “clown around”
* Avoid “free thinking” teachers if they confuse you
* Take more risks. Don’t be afraid to be creative

Check out the Left Right Brain Quiz

I have been taking anatomy this summer so that I will have a better chance of getting into nursing school. After reading this though, it seems that right sided people are doomed to be artsy while left sided people are going to achieve what I want a lot easier. Oy! I just want to help people people! Enough of this, I'm off to try and learn concepts that left sided people will learn easier than me...

Nervous Tissue

Ick, formatting did not work on this one.

Overview of the Nervous System

* Body must communicate on a cellular level
o Nervous system and endocrine system

Functions of the Nervous System

* Receive information about changes inside and outside the body
* Process this information and determine appropriate response
* Issue commands to cells to carry out the response

Hierarchical Organization of the Nervous System

* Central Nervous System
o Brain
o Spinal cord
* Peripheral Nervous System
o Sensory (afferent) division
+ Visceral sensory division
+ Somatic sensory division
o Motor (efferent) division
+ Visceral motor division (autonomic nervous system)
# Sympathetic division
# Parasympathetic division
+ Somatic motor division

Neurons

* Functional unit of the nervous system
* Properties
o Excitability
o Conductivity
o Secretion of neurotransmitters
* Functional classes of neurons
o Sensory (afferent) neurons
o Interneurons (association neurons)
o Motor (efferent) neurons

Structure of a Typical Neuron

* Soma
o Organelles
o Neurofibrils
o Nissl bodies
o Inclusions (lipofuscin)
* Dendrites
* Axon
o Axon hillock
o Collaterals
o Axoplasm and axolemma
o Terminal arborization
+ Synpatic knobs

New 'The Last Airbender' Stills

Found these over at cinemablend.com
These are the most recent shots of 'The Last Airbender' to come out.



I am looking forward to seeing this; I'm watching the cartoon right now. I can't go in with high expectations though, being such a big fan of the cartoon the movie would have to be perfect in every way for me to be completely satisfied.

Synopsis: The film is set in a fantasy world where the four elements of earth, air, water, and fire can be controlled through martial arts called bending, and the ruthless flame-manipulating Fire Nation is waging war to control the other nations of the world. At the same time a young boy named Aang, the last surviving wind manipulator or Airbender and is also the Avatar, the physical incarnation of the world itself who possesses the ability to manipulate all four elements, is on a quest to stop the Firebenders and save the world, with his friends Katara, a water-manipulating Waterbender from the South Pole, and her brother Sokka. But the skilled and vicious Prince Zuko, the banished Prince of the Fire Nation, is on the trail of the Avatar, seeking to regain his lost honor by capturing him.

Cytology

Cytology is the study of cells

The Cell Theory:
All organisms are composed of cells
Cells are smallest physiological unit
Organism activity is based on cellular activity
Cells come only from preexisting cells
All cells have similar molecular characteristics

Cell Shapes and Sizes:
Squamous - fried egg shape
Cuboidal
Columnar
Polygonal
Stellate - star shaped
Spheroid/ovoid
Discoid
Fusiform
Fibrous

Basal - bottom, 'basement'
Apical - top, surface

Cells measured in micrometers - RBC's are 7-8 micrometers

The Outer-Cellular Components:
ICF - intracellular fluid
ECF - extracellular fluid

The Plasma Membrane:
Holds material in and out of cell
Many physiological functions
Fluid mosaic model - varied, nothing is solid
Phospholipid bilayer - fat w/ a phosphate attached
   Hydrophilic heads
   Hydrophilic tails
Cholesterol - makes hormones
Glycolipids - combination of sugar and fat

Membrane Proteins:
Integral proteins - pass all the way through membrane
Peripheral proteins - only found on either side
Functions:
   Receptors - allows chemicals in/out
   Enzymes - proteins, speed up cells
   Channels - passageway from ICF to ECF
   Cell identity markers - peripheral in ECF
   CAMS - cell adhesion molecules, keeps things in place
   Carriers - integral proteins (specific channels)
Membrane transport - how material gets back and forth through membrane

Outside the Cell Membrane:
The Glycocalyx - slim layer, ID's cell, keeps in place
   Glycolipids and glycolipids
   Functions - enables movement
Cellular Extensions:
Microvilli - smallest
Cilia
Flagellum - largest
Intercellular junctions:
keeps cells together
   Tight junctions - share a membrane (fence)
   Desmosomes - peripheral, snap connection/velcro
   Gap junctions - integral, direct communication

Cytoplasm:

Cytoskeleton - structure of cell, allows movement in cell
Micro filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

Organelles
The Nucleus - boss
   Nuclear envelope and pores, chromatin, nucleoplasm,
Endoplasmic Reticulum - production facilities
   Rough - produces proteins
   Smooth - produces lipids and carbohydrates
Ribosomes - make protein out of amino acids
   Free - mobile in ICF
   Fixed - attached
Golgi Complex - packaging, addresses proteins
Lysosomes - gets rid of waste, 'stomach of the cell'
Peroxisomes - gets rid of H2O2 and alcohol specifically
Mitochondria - powerplant, convert to ATP
   Crista (folds) - double membrane, inner, large surface area
   Matrix - fluid in mitochondria
Centrioles - expansion devices, makes new cells (divides)
Inclusions - storage sheds after product is made

Cytosol - ICF (potassium)
Fluid different in chemical composition than ECF (sodium)

Joints/Articulations

Articulations - any place two bones 'meet'
Arthrology is the study of articulations

Classification of Joints:
Joints are named for bones involved
Classification based on anatomical arrangement of two bones and range of motion

3 Physiological Classes:
Immovable
Slightly movable
Freely movable

4 Anatomical Classes:
Bony
Also called synostoses
Immovable
Two bones ossified together ex: epiphyseal line in an adult

Fibrous
Also called synarthroses
Two bones bound by collagen fibers
3 subclasses:
   Sutures - collagen fibers are short (between flat bones and skull)
   Gomphoses - immovable collagen fibers (between teeth and mandible, maxilla)
     Peridontal ligament
   Syndesmoses - slightly movable, joined by long fibers (tibia to fibula, radius to ulna)
     Interosseous membrane

Cartilaginous
Also called ampirthroses
Two bones bound by cartilage
All semi-movable
2 subclasses:
   Synchondroses - bound by hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate in child)
   Synphysis - bound by fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs)

Synovial
Also called diarthroses
Mostly freely movable

General Anatomy:
Articular cartilage (line capsule)
Articular cavity and synovial fluid (knee, shoulder)
Articulate capsule (surround epiphyses of bones)

Accessory Structure:
   Menisci - pad of fibrocartilage
   Tendons - muscle to bone
   Ligaments - bone to bone, extrinsic or intrinsic
   Bursae - packet of synovial fluid

Classes of Synovial Joints:
Based on patterns of movement
   Monaxial
   Biaxial
   Multiaxial

Hinge joints - monaxial - two flat surfaces (elbow)

Gliding joints - limited monaxial - both faces smooth (carpals)

Pivot joints - monaxial - rotational (C1-C2)

Saddle joints - biaxial - linear angular (twiddle thumb)

Condyloid joints - biaxial - (carpals)

Ball and Socket joints - multiaxial (shoulders, hips)

What limits ROM?
Structure and action of muscles
Structure of articular surface of bones
Strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons, and joint capsules

The Muscular System

Myology is the study of the muscles

There are 3 different types of muscles

Skeletal Muscle -

Voluntary

Striated

Skeletal muscle fiber is also a skeletal muscle cell

85% is fiber, 15% striated

Cardiac Muscle -

Only in heart (duh)

Involuntary

Striated

Made of cardiocytes - fusiform shaped

Smooth Muscle -

Involuntary

Nonstriated - cytoskeletal is not striped

Made of fusiform cells called myocytes

Functions of Muscle:
Movement - can contract and change
Stability - keeps the bones together
Communication - facial expressions (smile, speak)
Control of body openings - voluntary
Heat production - keep body 98.6 degrees, muscle contractions (shiver - skeletal muscle)

Properties of Muscle:
Excitability - can work with electrical signals
Conductivity - can conduct electricity
Contractibility - ability to shorten
Extensibility - some ability to stretch
Elasticity - ability to return to original state

General Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles:
Made of muscle fibers, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and blood vessels.
Connective tissues:
Endomysium - single layer collagen that surrounds the inside like a cell wall
Perimysium and fascicles - end of each muscle cell, divided by perimysium
Epimysium - holds all the fascicles together in a muscle
Deep fascia
Superficial fascia - hypodermis

Fascicles and Muscle Shapes:
Determines strength and direction of tension

Fusiform muscles - fascicles nonparallel
-Biceps brachii
-Gastrocnemious

Parallel muscles
-Rectus abdominus
-Sartorius (allows us to cross our legs)

Convergent muscles
-Pectoralis major

Pennate muscles
-Unipennate (semimembraneous)
-Bipennate (rectus femoris)
-Multipennate (deltoid)

Circular muscles
-Orbicularis oris

'The Hobbit' Updates

Straight from the most legit form of Hobbit news (theonering.net) :

Guillermo Del Toro departs “The Hobbit”

Guillermo Del Toro announced today that he is no longer directing the two movies based on J.R.R Tolkien’s “The Hobbit”, but will continue to co-write the screenplays.
"In light of ongoing delays in the setting of a start date for filming “The Hobbit,” I am faced with the hardest decision of my life”, says Guillermo. “After nearly two years of living, breathing and designing a world as rich as Tolkien’s Middle Earth, I must, with great regret, take leave from helming these wonderful pictures. I remain grateful to Peter, Fran and Philippa Boyens, New Line and Warner Brothers and to all my crew in New Zealand...."

PJ (Peter Jackson) ‘may direct The Hobbit’

Sir Peter Jackson says he will step into the breach and direct The Hobbit himself if it becomes the only way to ensure the US$150 million (NZ$219m) film is made after the sudden departure of director Guillermo del Toro.

Wellington Chamber of Commerce has said that the film is worth “many millions of dollars” to Wellington’s economy and further delays may mean the film does not start shooting until next year.

It's a bummer that del Toro won't be directing but I can see why he would leave. It's MGM's fault that production is taking so long to get started and he has other things to do. If PJ were to direct all us LotR fans would get our wishes granted. He is guaranteed to do a dedicated job and of course knows what he is doing. But it seems that he will be forced to direct it at this point which could turn out to be a bad thing rather than good. There is a lot of money at stake and I hope that creativity is not sacrificed for dollars.

Anatomy do dads

Found a link to help study for Anatomy this summer.-->Learn bones!
Muscles are the part that I don't get though. If anyone has any ideas about muscle studying please share.

Oh man look at that sarcomere! Isn't it a beauty?